In March 2025, seven justices of the Polish Supreme Court convened to resolve a doctrinal…
Contemporary consumer law confronts a fundamental challenge in balancing protection for the weaker party in…
Advocate General Juliane Kokott’s Opinion of September 11, 2025, in Case C-436/24 Skatteverket v. Lyko…
The emergence of decentralized finance (DeFi) has precipitated a fundamental reconsideration of regulatory boundaries in…
Chapter 12 In most jurisdictions, company directors are held responsible for “Antecedent Transactions”, among…
Chapter 11 11.1 At what juncture does insolvency necessitate the filing for bankruptcy? Under…
Chapter 10 If a company is based abroad but conducts business in Poland as…
Chapter 9 It is possible to pursue claims against a board member even if…
Chapter 8 Lost in Translation: When Ignorance of Polish language Will Not Save You…
Chapter 7 Even if a prospective director acknowledges that serving as a board member…
Chapter 6 The issue of the character of the board members’ responsibility for the…
Chapter 5 There are systems where personal responsibility of director is triggered only if…
Chapter 4 In both the Polish and U.S. systems, the assumption is that a…
Chapter 3 The legal underpinning for the subsidiary liability of directors regarding a company’s…
Chapter 2 The general principle is that the corporate veil protects both board members…
Chapter 1 The term “directors” holds paramount significance in the corporate management, serving as the…
The Supreme Administrative Court’s (Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, hereinafter “NSA”) decision of September 2, 2025, in…
On September 10, 2025, the General Court of the European Union rendered two landmark judgments…
Can one conceive of circumstances wherein virtual objects from computer games generate tax liabilities reaching…
The decision rendered by the Regional Administrative Court in Gdańsk on September 2, 2025 (I SA/Gd…
The sale of a business to a private equity fund frequently resembles a chess match…
The protection of immediate family members against complete disinheritance represents one of the most divergent…
Chapter 12 The theory that Hal Finney might have been writing to himself under…
Chapter 11 While stylistic analysis can never provide absolute certainty of authorship, the deep…
Chapter 10 The Bitcoin whitepaper presents an intriguing linguistic puzzle when examined for markers…
Chapter 9 While the Bitcoin whitepaper demonstrates sophisticated understanding of cryptography and security principles,…
Chapter 8 ‘The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins”. This…
Chapter 7 The Bitcoin whitepaper contains several distinctive linguistic patterns that offer valuable clues…
Chapter 6 Author’s Note: The Japanese language analysis in this section relies on expert…
Chapter 5 If we assume English is not Satoshi’s native language, the Bitcoin whitepaper…
